Pelvic health is a critical yet often under-addressed aspect of care for individuals living with neurological conditions. Bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction are common across a range of diagnoses, including spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, stroke and spina bifida. These issues profoundly affect patients’ independence, dignity and quality of life.
Physiotherapists are uniquely positioned to identify and support clients with these concerns—but the sensitive nature of pelvic health often leaves important questions unasked.
Common conditions, complex presentations
‘In any neurogenic issue, there’s the potential for dysfunction,’ says Megan Bergman APAM. ‘It can be bladder, bowel, sexual function—or all three.’
Lesions above the sacrum often lead to storage issues such as urgency or incontinence due to bladder overactivity. Sacral or infrasacral lesions, on the other hand, typically cause underactivity, leading to voiding dysfunction. This complexity means symptoms vary widely: urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, slow stream, recurrent UTIs and constipation are all common.
Louise Kelly, a clinical nurse consultant with over 25 years in spinal cord injury, sees these patterns play out daily. ‘For MS and Parkinson’s patients, constipation and functional incontinence are incredibly common,’ she says. ‘For stroke or brain injury, there may be loss of sphincter control and cognitive challenges around voiding and bowel programs and routines.’
Sexual dysfunction is another area often overlooked, especially among female clients. ‘It can include pain, decreased sensation, lubrication issues, or difficulty reaching orgasm,’ Megan explains. ‘Men may experience erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction. And the physical, emotional and relational impacts of these issues are enormous.’
Asking the right questions
Despite the prevalence, pelvic health issues are frequently unreported unless clinicians actively enquire. ‘The key is consent and setting,’ says Catherine Hayden APAM. ‘Ask, “Do you mind if I ask a few questions about your bladder, bowel, or sexual health?”—in a private, secure space.’
Initial questionnaires such as the Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire, Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score (NBSS) or Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire (MSISQ-19) can help initiate conversations sensitively. For bowel issues, tools like the Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction Score (NBD) and Bristol Stool Chart are invaluable.
Louise adds that observation is also key. ‘Recurrent UTIs, bypassing around catheters, sweating or headaches during bowel care—these are all red flags. Asking whether a client feels like they’re fully emptying their bladder, or how often they use the toilet, can open the door to meaningful intervention.’
When to refer
Referral to a pelvic health physiotherapist or continence nurse should be considered when patients report pain, persistent incontinence, poor emptying, sexual dysfunction or recurrent infections. ‘We often work closely with GPs and neurologists to ensure coordinated care,’ says Catherine. ‘This collaborative approach delivers the best outcomes.’
Looking ahead
Emerging areas like anorectal manometry and biofeedback and psychosexual therapy are expanding the toolkit for clinicians supporting this population. Education around menstrual health, menopause, prostate cancer and fertility is also essential, particularly in younger individuals navigating life with long-term disability.
As our understanding grows, so does the opportunity to improve outcomes.
Pelvic health issues deeply impact identity, independence and wellbeing—they deserve just as much attention as mobility or strength training in neurological rehabilitation.